Topic: Military history/Early Modern warfare

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πŸ”— The General Crisis of the 17th Century

πŸ”— History πŸ”— Military history πŸ”— Military history/Early Modern warfare πŸ”— European history

The "General Crisis" is the term used by some historians to describe the period of widespread conflict and instability that occurred from the early 17th century to the early 18th century in Europe and in more recent historiography in the world at large. The concept is much debated by historians; there is no consensus.

The term was coined by Eric Hobsbawm in his pair of 1954 articles entitled "The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century" published in Past and Present.

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πŸ”— Agent 355

πŸ”— Biography πŸ”— Military history πŸ”— Military history/North American military history πŸ”— Military history/United States military history πŸ”— Women's History πŸ”— Military history/Military biography πŸ”— Military history/Early Modern warfare πŸ”— Military history/American Revolutionary War πŸ”— Biography/military biography πŸ”— Military history/Intelligence

Agent 355 (died after 1780) was the code name of a female spy during the American Revolution, part of the Culper Ring. Agent 355 was one of the first spies for the United States, but her real identity is unknown. The number, 355, could be de-crypted from the system the Culper Ring used to mean "lady."

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πŸ”— Defenestrations of Prague

πŸ”— Military history πŸ”— Military history/Early Modern warfare πŸ”— Military history/Medieval warfare πŸ”— Former countries πŸ”— Czech Republic πŸ”— Former countries/Holy Roman Empire

The Defenestrations of Prague (Czech: PraΕΎskΓ‘ defenestrace, German: Prager Fenstersturz, Latin: Defenestratio Pragensis) were three incidents in the history of Bohemia in which people were defenestrated (thrown out of a window). Though already existing in Middle French, the word defenestrate ("out of the window") is believed to have first been used in English in reference to the episodes in Prague in 1618 when the disgruntled Protestant estates threw two royal governors and their secretary out of a window of the Hradčany Castle and wrote an extensive apologia explaining their action. In the Middle Ages and early modern times, defenestration was not uncommonβ€”the act carried elements of lynching and mob violence in the form of murder committed together.

The first governmental defenestration occurred in 1419, the second in 1483 and the third in 1618, although the term "Defenestration of Prague" more commonly refers to the third. Often, however, the 1483 event is not recognized as a "significant defenestration", which leads to some ambiguity when the 1618 defenestration is referred to as the "second Prague defenestration". The first and third defenestrations helped to trigger a prolonged religious conflict inside Bohemia (the Hussite Wars, 1st defenestration) or beyond (Thirty Years' War, 3rd defenestration), while the second helped establish a religious peace in the country for 31 years (Peace of KutnΓ‘ Hora, 2nd defenestration).

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πŸ”— Venetian Arsenal

πŸ”— Military history πŸ”— Military history/Military science, technology, and theory πŸ”— Military history/Weaponry πŸ”— Italy πŸ”— Architecture πŸ”— Military history/Early Modern warfare πŸ”— Military history/Maritime warfare πŸ”— Ships πŸ”— Military history/Medieval warfare πŸ”— Industrial design πŸ”— Military history/Italian military history πŸ”— Former countries πŸ”— Military history/European military history πŸ”— Former countries/Italian historical states

The Venetian Arsenal (Italian: Arsenale di Venezia) is a complex of former shipyards and armories clustered together in the city of Venice in northern Italy. Owned by the state, the Arsenal was responsible for the bulk of the Venetian republic's naval power from the late Middle Ages to the early modern period. It was "one of the earliest large-scale industrial enterprises in history".

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πŸ”— Turtle (Submersible)

πŸ”— Military history πŸ”— Military history/Early Modern warfare πŸ”— Military history/American Revolutionary War πŸ”— Military history/Maritime warfare πŸ”— Ships πŸ”— Connecticut

Turtle (also called American Turtle) was the world's first submersible vessel with a documented record of use in combat. It was built in 1775 by American David Bushnell as a means of attaching explosive charges to ships in a harbor, for use against Royal Navy vessels occupying North American harbors during the American Revolutionary War. Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull recommended the invention to George Washington, who provided funds and support for the development and testing of the machine.

Several attempts were made using Turtle to affix explosives to the undersides of British warships in New York Harbor in 1776. All failed, and her transport ship was sunk later that year by the British with the submarine aboard. Bushnell claimed eventually to have recovered the machine, but its final fate is unknown. Modern replicas of Turtle have been constructed and are on display in the Connecticut River Museum, the U.S. Navy's Submarine Force Library and Museum, the Royal Navy Submarine Museum, and the Oceanographic Museum (Monaco).

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